نوع مقاله : مروری
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه مهندسی برق، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
چکیده
علم نقشه‌برداری از مغز نشان می‌دهد که هر ناحیه در سیستم عصبی عملکردهای خاصی را انجام می‌دهد و نورون‌ها در شبکه‌های عصبی، از طریق الگوهای مکانی -زمانی پیچیده با هم در ارتباط‌اند. پیاده‌سازی این الگوهای فعالیت نورونی، نیاز اساسی علوم اعصاب برای کنترل فعالیت عصبی و درمان بیماری‌ها می‌باشد. به‌طوری که محققان از این الگوها برای تحریک عصبی هدفمند سلول‌های عصبی استفاده می‌کنند تا از رموز پردازش اطلاعات در شبکه‌های پیچیدۀ مغز پرده بردارند. تحریک عصبی نوری به عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند برای دستکاری نورون‌ها، از تکنیک‌های مدولاسیون نوری برای تحقق تابش نور الگویی به سطح بافت عصبی استفاده می‌کند. از طرف دیگر طراحی ایمپلنت‌هایی که پالس‌های موثر و الگویی نور را به نورون‌های هدف در عمق بافت مغز ارسال می‌نمایند، به طور قابل توجهی در حال توسعه است. این ابزارها امکان بازسازی الگوهای فعالیت نورونی را در دو و سه بعد فراهم می‌نمایند. این مطالعه با معرفی انواع تکنیک‌های تحریک نوری، لزوم دستیابی به تکنیک‌های تحویل نور الگویی به بافت عصبی را برجسته می‌نماید. سپس پیاده‌سازی نور الگویی از طریق فناوری‌های پیشرفتۀ مختلف از جمله لیزرهای اسکن، مدولاتور‌های کریستال مایع و مدولاتور میکروآینه دیجیتال، با مزایا و چالش‌های منحصربه‌فردشان، بررسی می‌شوند. درنهایت پیشرفت چشمگیر آرایه‌های فیبر نوری، موجبرها و میکرودیودهای گسیل کنندۀ نور که با هم مسیری را به سمت تکنیک‌های تحریک عصبی پیچیده‌تر و کمتر تهاجمی‌تر طی می‌کنند، بررسی می‌شوند
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